Building Resilient Cities

Blog Post | Blog of Scott Ludlam
Friday 13th March 2009, 12:00pm

"The future is here. It's just not widely distributed yet" ~ William Gibson

Take a drive an hour south through the rapidly expanding growth corridor fusing Perth to Mandurah, and you'll fly past a road sign at once hopeful and heartbreaking.

'Sustainable Mandurah Home' it points cheerfully. Somewhere within the featureless expanse of brick and tile sprawl relentlessly consuming the Swan coastal plain, someone has taken the time to build a sustainable home.

I have no issue with the house itself; it's an intelligent blend of the state of the art and the bleeding obvious, it didn't cost a fortune to build and it gives visitors a sense that energy and water-efficient homes are comfortable, practical and inexpensive to live in.

The heartbreak of course, is that this single house vanishes into a sea of tens of thousands of large, nearly identical unsustainable homes built in breathtaking defiance of the basic ground truths of the twenty-first century. Cabled to fossil-fired power stations hundreds of kilometres away, entirely dependent on cheap middle-eastern oil for mobility, emergency services and food; this great city is profoundly, utterly vulnerable. We won't really understand the extent of our fossil dependence until its unspoken, gigantic flows of energy, water and resources are suddenly disrupted.

Much has been written about cities and sustainability in recent times; there's a wild and creative flowering of theory and practice across our universities and cooperative research centres; demonstration projects are flourishing and whole new disciplines are being established before our eyes.

We've known - for a long while - how to build zero carbon houses and office buildings, but the art of building human-scale sustainable cities seemed to be lost to us. After the War, centuries of accumulated planning wisdom were rapidly eclipsed by the overwhelming demands of the private car and its corporate stewards. Cheap anywhere-to-anywhere transport spawned an unstoppable proliferation of places that feel like nowhere; a featureless topography of sub-urban sprawl mart development. Tram and bus transit alternatives made suddenly quaint by saturation automobile advertising were purchased and shut down by oil companies, leaving faint but persistent afterimages in the collective memory of our Australian cities.

Now we get to turn it around. Public transport is making a comeback: on drawing boards, in the Senate committee hearings taking place around the country, and in our neighbourhoods. Planners are revisiting the idea of urban village archipelagos, networks of medium and high density human-scale settlements linked with safe, fast, frequent public transport. With light rail proposals advancing in Canberra, the Gold Coast, Sydney and Perth, and the proposition of Commonwealth Government public transport funding for the first time in a decade, we may be on the edge of an urban tipping point.

Planning world-class public transport for our communities can catalyse a whole series of changes that are not immediately obvious. Public transport works best in high population centres when a critical mass of people are an easy walk or cycle from transfer stations. Densification reduces the urban footprint and can be a major driver for local economies. Embedding a high proportion of affordable housing in these centres, rather than condemning low-income families to the urban fringe, guarantees access to employment and creates the opportunity for vibrant social diversity.

Halt the sprawl once and for all and we'll be able to protect and restore the ragged biodiversity and watersheds surrounding our cities. The reckless paving over of essential peri-urban agricultural land can also come to an end as we recall farmers and market gardeners to their central place in community life.

Electrifying public transport by installing light rail along the key corridors will lighten our vulnerability to rising oil prices and help prevent the horror of future oil wars. Demoting private cars from their pre-eminent position in the planning hierarchy will improve public health and reduce obesity, because every public transport trip starts with a walk or a cycle.

All of these ideas are taking shape in real-world neighbourhoods around Australia, but the dominant governance mindset is still the provision of more roads to reduce the congestion spawned by the last round of road-building. The resistance from vested interests and path-dependent bureaucratic structures will be fierce and frustrating, but that doesn't make them right: the catastrophe taking shape everywhere between the Arctic circle and the Murray-Darling Basin is entirely non-negotiable.

When climate change or vicious price shocks at the foothills of peak oil take unleaded through $5 a litre, it will be too late to appreciate the heartbreaking irony written into the sign by the highway in Mandurah. The time for lonely demonstration projects by the side of the road is over. With persistence and goodwill it is possible to see our way through to the resilient city: the design and re-working of ecologically sane, human-centred communities that will be genuinely at home in the twenty-first century.

This blog was originally published on Open Forum on the 11 March 2009 http://www.openforum.com.au/content/building-resilient-cities.

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Comments

just the facts, ma'am

Tram and bus companies were not purchased and shut down by oil companies in Australia. You're thinking of the US, specifically Chicago and Detroit.

Australians are quite capable of neglecting their useful infrastructure without any help from oil companies, thanks very much!

The Greens used to have a loopy, "out there" image, which came partly from just making stuff up, like this. They've largely lost that image, so keep to the facts to avoid getting that unhelpful image back.

by Kiashu on Friday 13th March 2009 at 12:11pm

First Home Buyers Grant Money --- Is it being allocated wisely?

Shouldn't part if not all of the first home buyers grant be allocated to providing greener, more sustainable facilities in a home. In fact, the money could be used for better building material and instantly add value to the property, and reduce the cost of ownership/living for the dwellers.

We've seen indoor fireplaces, indoor ovens, microwaves for the masses now only cost $50, air conditioners and central heating are more the norm. So now its time for us to have the water tanks and solar panels as part of a home's list of appliances and conveniences.

by meet.mrnrg on Friday 13th March 2009 at 3:18pm

Oh dear, another rooftop PV advocate

Guys we really need to stop wasting our time and money subsidising these inefficient and expensive rooftop PV systems. They are the most expensive approach to emission reduction.

I am appalled at Labors plan to issue 5 RECs per MWh for rooftop PV when all other renewable generators get 1. This means people installing rooftop PV systems will get the fat cheque but the government won't pay.

The RECs market will pay. This will artificially increase the supply of RECs without increasing the demand for them. So the price of RECs will fall. And this means efficient RECs producers will be hit.

What a retrograde step. It means penalising those who can reduce emissions most cost effectively and rewarding those who do it most expensively. This locks us into the highest cost path for emissions reductions and gives grist for the mill for the denial lobby who can with this policy confirm reductions is an expensive process.

Given the GFC it is even more crucial than ever to find the least cost ways to reduce emissions. I sincerely hope the Greens will block this new legislation and instead replace it with something that favors least cost approaches to emission reductions. God forbid the Greens actually support this outrageous proposal from Labor.

by Jim on Friday 13th March 2009 at 7:37pm

The best needs to proven, available and on the list...

Sooner the better....
We've heard of smokes and mirrors... but maybe the mirror based magnification of solar power to the solar panels can be miniaturized here also.

Joel

by meet.mrnrg on Saturday 14th March 2009 at 10:59am

Oh dear, another rooftop PV advocate

Well Jim, how about we also stop subsidising coal?

PVs may be inefficient, but they DO work. Our 1.28 kW array has been in service for 2 years 9 months. It has produced 5573 kWhrs (just looked at the meter). So why shouldn't the government give away 5 RECs if they pay back this fast?

BTW, where did you get the idea other renewables only receive 1 REC? We were 'given' 20 when we bought our SHWS at the time we bought the PVs.

A quick google reveals this:

Example of how little it will cost to buy

Approved System: Dux 415L Split Solar Hot Water System (including installation)

Original Cost $5655
Less 40 RECs -$1760
Less discount -$500
Upfront payment $3395
Less government rebates -$2600

Total Cost $795

SOURCE: http://www.lakemac.com.au/page.aspx?pid=868&vid=14

When we bought, RECs were worth $36, now they're worth $44!

BTW, our last power bill was $5.65. REALLY inefficient stuff!

My big problem with all this Utopian renewable stuff right now is, where will the money come from now Capitalism is screwed and credit is as good as unavailable.

Mike

by Mike Stasse on Saturday 14th March 2009 at 5:56pm

Read my note again

Mike the reason they shouldn't hand out 5 REC's is it reduces the income to more efficient REC's producers and enshrines a highest cost approach to climate mitigation.

You are confused about SHWS. What you get the lifetime RECs credits up front. And that is completely fine. The problem with the new labour plan is they favour rooftop PV at 5 times the rate of other methods. This is not about lifetime credits up front. SHWS is one of the best ways to proceed. SHWS is not PV. Rooftop PV is one of the worst ways to proceed. They are not the same things and I can't imagine why you are confused about this.

Whether your power bill is high or not is completely immaterial to the efficiency of rooftop PV systems.

Everyone understands that reducing emissions will strain our financial resources. As such it is obvious to anyone with a modicum of sense that we need to find the cheapest way.

The government is planning to put us on a highest cost path and people like you will apparently back them all the way in doing that. I guess this will hasten the calamity you predict which is presumably why you are keen on it.

by Jim on Sunday 15th March 2009 at 8:29pm

PVs again

Jim, I am not confused. I have a Diploma in Renewable Energy Technology, and personally installed the Solar Water Heater and the PVs on my roof.... I can tell the difference!

As far as I'm concerned, it is not how many RECs are handed out that matters, it is this:

With PV solar, all the Energy Invested over the lifetime of the panel is invested up front, before any Energy Returned is seen. However other energy sources, particularly those needing fuel or on-going maintenance or expensive decommissioning, some of the EI is spent over the lifetime, and only a proportion spent up front.

In my next article I shall be introducing Energy Invested Up Front (EIUF) and the ratio EIUF/EI, which is 100% for solar PV. With suitable modifications to the model, and drawing on the ISA Team's modelling data, we can look at other energy sources in the same way.

Conclusion

We have been living in an era of expanding energy availability, but Peak Oil and the constraints of Global Warming mean we are entering a new era of energy scarcity. In the past, you could always get the energy you wanted by simply paying for it. From here on, we are going to have to be very careful about how we allocate energy, because not only is it going to be very expensive, it will mean that someone else will have to do without. For the first time, ERoEI is going to be critically important to what we choose to do. If this factor is ignored, we will end up spending our fossil energy on making solar energy, which only makes Global Warming worse in the short to medium term.

See the whole article at http://www.peakoil.org.au/news/energy_profit.htm

by Mike Stasse on Wednesday 18th March 2009 at 12:31pm

PV efficiency

Hey Mike you produced 5573kWh which over the period is worth around $600, or close enough to $220 per annum. This will have been created at a total cost of around $12,000 maybe more. So the return on investment is less than 2% and its only 1% if you take into account the 1% loss of system value each year (due to reduced PV output with aging). Thats terrible.

Have you had a crack at calculating the implied carbon cost with this, its around $400 per tonne of CO2 which is about 20 times the going rate.

Its a disgrace that my tax helps pay for this sort of ridiculousness.

Your power bill without the panels would have been around $60 per quarter (including your recent $5 one) which is remarkable in itself but it is in no way shape or form a point that will support the case for wasting taxpayers dollars on PV rebates.

What overriding national good arises from using our collective taxes being to help you save $55 per quarter exactly?

There are much better ways to spend our money if we want to emit less.

by Peter on Sunday 15th March 2009 at 9:08pm

Re check the math on a better scenario...

Re check the math on a better scenario... Imagine better efficiency and 2million installations... That would be $440,000,000 million per year, not such a bad saving after all. In a better case we can imagine savings of $2Billion/Year per 2million installs. Then were talking serious business.

BTW where does one monitor or view the number of solar panels and water tank installs... and all the other good stats.

by meet.mrnrg on Wednesday 18th March 2009 at 12:12pm

PVs again

Actually Peter I got closer to $850 for my green power, plus $360 up front for the RECs.
Re the financial return, who cares? The trouble with society today is that everything's about money, whereas I believe some things are worth doing because they are worth doing.
My system actually only cost me $10,000 after rebate (I only got $4,000). We bought it instead of a second bathroom.....
Our PVs are warranted to produce their output for 25 years. I expect they put out MORE than their rated output at present.
This array averages 4 kWhrs/day, hail rain or shine, summer or winter. So over the 25 years it is warranted for (I expect it to last at leat forty years) it will generate
4 x 365 x 25 = 36,500 kWhrs, reducing CO2 emissions by ~ 36.5 tonnes.
At $10,000, the CO2 is worth $274/tonne. Do you have a problem with that? What do you think it's worth?
Its a disgrace that my tax helps pay for wars in Iraq and Afghanistan......

by Mike Stasse on Wednesday 18th March 2009 at 2:29pm

CO2 cost

Mike there are a couple of problems with your analysis.

Firstly solar panel output degrades at 1 to 2% each year.

No solar panels anywhere is warranted to produce there rated output for 25 years. Such technology as you describe only lives in your imagination. The very best warranties for current technology will say something like 80% of rated power after 20 years. Many panels will not achieve this.

Why do you omit the total system cost when computing the CO2 cost. Its not just what it costs you personally. The critical figure for finding the least cost path to reducing emissions is the total cost. The real CO2 cost is probably double what you suggest.

I personally have a massive problem with how much you have caused to be spent per tonne of CO2 emissions because we could use that same amount of money to reduce emissions by 5 times what you have. So in truth you have increased future emissions by 4 times your own emissions savings compared with that of another possible more sensible future that maximises reductions per dollar spent. I have serious problems with you doing what you have and even bigger problems with your flawed promotion of it as the best way forward.

Heck even the $4000 rebate you took could reduce emissions by more than the $14000 you caused to be committed to your precious rooftop system.

To make it simple we can put the same panel out in a high sunshine area (not in Queensland with its rainy summers) and put it on a solar tracker and employ MPPT technology on a 10kW or larger system and get some logistical efficiency at a fraction of the CO2 cost of your approach.

It is extremely hard to understand why you are so passionately committed to high cost approaches. It is defies rational explanation.

by James on Saturday 28th March 2009 at 9:37pm

GreenLoans -Fed govt initiative

Hi there
please note that the fed govt have already shwn a valuable initiative by the planned introduction og Green Loans by July 2009 -every household will be offered a $10,000 loan to
"green their house"
this is a great initiative and we should warmly support it
check it out at

http://www.environment.gov.au/greenloans/index.html

I suppose I will get a bucket full frm "Jim"
my play on this is -where a green initiative is introduced we should support it -in politics there is naturally limitations and this just represents a start
my hope is for all new housng in Australia to become carbon neutral housing -not so difficult really -just a serious focus on how to achieve this -and that it be made available to all

by Mike Purtell on Thursday 26th March 2009 at 1:57pm

Green loans

Fantastic idea. Love it!

We should stop doing stimulus handouts and do massive scale green loans instead. The only thing wrong with this concept is it is too small. Should be 100 times as big.

Should be to business as well. Shouldn't just be about buildings either. Should include businesses that burn diesel for power. That will have a much bigger stimulus effect than the silly KRudd handouts.

And what makes it totally lovely is it won't leave a tax burden for our kids since the loan will be paid back squaring the ledger.

Is Green's central up to massively increasing the scope of Green loans? Please let it be so!

by Jim on Sunday 29th March 2009 at 4:44pm

Greens got there first

"Is Green's central up to massively increasing the scope of Green loans?"

Actually, the Greens promoted a massively bigger program along these lines, but far better devised, well before the Green Loans program was announced.

Check out the EASI program,that we announced back in August 2007 -http://christine-milne.greensmps.org.au/content/media-release/making-energy-efficiency-easi-greens-bold-plan-retrofit-nation

This plan goes far beyond Green Loans as

  • it would be rolled out to every home in the country over a decade (faster if achievable, with enough people trained to do the audits and retrofits)
  • it acknowledges that cost is only one small part of the reason why people aren't investing yet in energy efficiency - thatlack of awareness, lack of knowledge, and lack of priority are in fact bigger hurdles.EASI deals with those.

Not only was this announced almost two years ago, but it has also been spruiked to the Government at every opportunit, particularly as part of the stimulus discussions. Sadly, they aren't listening to it.

And, just by the way, before you give the Government kudos for its Green Loans program, note that it was an election promise which, 18 months on, has failed to eventuate. There has not been one single loan made, and none in sight, with absolutely no plans devised for how to make it work.

I disagree, by the way, that every green policy that is announced by the government should be welcomed. There is plenty of room for critique. Indeed, if there is no critique, how can we hope for improvement?

by TimHollo on Monday 30th March 2009 at 9:27am

So think about why they didn't support

If you widen your scope to include business emissions that aren't about buildings then are more likely to get a larger program. Many businesses would love access to a meaningful green loan to reduce their emissions inherent in their business process.

Businesses are also better able to assess ROI for the loan for two reasons. They have better access to financial advise (from their accountants). And ROI is a constant concern for them with each expenditure whereas many households will quite naturally spend for reasons (i.e. lifestyle or aspiration) other than ROI. Getting the ROI right is the key to a feasible low carbon future.

This will stimulate the economy and set us a road to a low carbon future.

Having a lovely but unsupported program sadly isn't better than no program at all.

Trying to force industry to reduce emission just provokes a lobby response to defeat. Instead offer loans to reduce emissions and allow creative thinking to emerge from industry. Adopt a taoist attitude. Harness the natural forces, don't try to impose your will on things. Allow the will to emerge, it will work better than way.

So tap into the zeitgeist of stimulus and direct it towards serious green loans and engage business in the mix and don't limit the application beyond it certain forms of emission reduction. All forms should be allowed.

by Jim on Monday 30th March 2009 at 11:55am

Yes love is real...

Jim good comments....

The Green Loans draft has good merit.
1) From a selfish point of view, it adds value to properties.
2) Save the government money or reduces their burden
3) Makes the government money via taxes
4) Puts people to work sales and manufacturing + supply etc..
etc..

Most of all it's good for the environment
And yes saves the person taking the loan money - that you I hope!

Lets hope it can be improved and monitored to ensure success!

by meet.mrnrg on Saturday 4th April 2009 at 11:20am

Green Loans

Hi meet.mrnrg/Jim
just to let you know that at present there are training rounds being carried out
all over the country -training up people to perform as Household Sustainability Assessors (HSA's)
each session trains 16-17 people at a time so we probably have in excess of 400 HSA's ready to go into houses come July 2009 -to service Green Loans
this will create many jobs and keep your electrician, plummer, hot water installer, pv installer, very busy & finance companies/banks processing the Green Loans
all this is wonderfully productive for our "local economies"
GO GREEN, GO GREEN
we need positive measures like this instead of statements like
"WE ARE HEADED FOR RECESSION" - comments like this benefits nobody at all and just destroys confidence.As a microbusiness operator -we need people to have confidence to spend

by Mike Purtell on Tuesday 21st April 2009 at 9:46am

The future here and now

The future here and now don't look too bright when you get dope heads heading out to sea in hurricane weather with gallons of fuel and oil as cargo, like ... what's the point? And I wouldn't put it past them. As it is with this so called global financial crisis and even the bush fires which are apparently "helping the economy". Again, too bad about the environment.

What it boils down to is society simply has no respect for itself, our forefathers or our next generations. But go on, push it a little deeper as an excuse to look anywhere else but.

See you can physically lock me up and throw away the key and I'll still be laughing. Because it's a joke. You won't catch me doing any dirty work. Especially not for these dope heads who think they're on top of the world. We'll see what God has to say.

by Richard on Saturday 14th March 2009 at 12:56am

incremental

Promoting passive design principles by minimum target legislation for all new developments is a common sense imperative. Ensuring a smooth path for the correct interpretation and implementation of this kind of legislative culture at a council level by using positive federal incentives is an effective and appropriate methodology, given our current government architecture.

Passive design principles are a basic common sensical (sic) and not expensive. In a hot climate like Perth for example you simply mandate to paint exterior walls dark and roofs light colours, not the reverse.
You mandate for eves or other summer shading winter sun ingress methodology. You can encourage reverse construction techniques where the dense materials are inside i.e. bricks and the lighter materials outside, i.e. tin or timber cladding. You can ensure that kit designs are appropriate for the location and homes orientated properly at that location. You can encourage design for function, fashion appropriate for that function and forms derived from it, instead of functionality determined by fashion flogged by air headed and mercenary bimbo builders. Views are not actually everything guys. A south facing wall of glass just makes your home uncomfortable and expensive to live in while you watch your TV.

I disagree with what I believe to be an emotive and reactionary response by Jim (above) to the new PV incentives scheme.

Here are a few salient points which might be worth considering if constructive argument is your thing (please don’t bother Richard; I am surprised they let your comment through maybe you’re a dupe to whip up a Creationist Vs Evolution commentary reaction?)

1. Under the current scheme urban grid connect Renewable Energy (RE) generators are only subsidized by the government for a small percentage of the potential market. You have to live in and own the home where the generator is to be installed and you have to have a combined household income under $100k.au. The new scheme will open up the market for investment groups and individuals involved in new suburban housing developments to pre install small grid connect systems on multiple homes built in batch fashion. This encourages the passive design/minimal carbon footprint zeitgeist and can only be a good thing. It also opens up the market for smaller property investors with a second or third or more rental property to put a generator on each of their properties. This also means that those that need it most, in the lower socioeconomic disorder can access cheaper energy while their landlord benefits from immediate equity.

2. Despite what the big end of town, their pecuniary interested partners and the fundamentalist dreamers are saying , small scale decentralised RE generators are effective in the short and long terms for minimising carbon and greenhouse gas emissions, developing an alternative economically viable road for Australia to travel on and to assist in the creation of a culture encouraging the appropriate energy infrastructure responses needed to change our National approach (which is undeniably flawed) . To deny this, to discourage the dissemination of RE micro generators is counterproductive and one can only question the limited agendas of those that are attempting to do so in the name of the environment. Big industry will buy the RECS, yes but they will also have their minimum emission targets regulated and enforced. The RECS may not be a perfect system but it is a motivator and to demotivate for the sake of point scoring to end at a standstill is a negative and questionable methodology.

3. Jim, I don’t know what kind of RE systems you’re referring to but I do know that most urban micro energy generation concepts that have a practical application are used in conjunction with the existing centralised base load generators and their transmition infrastructure. To do this we generally utilize an inverter and smart metering system. The inverter provides a safe and effective synchronised connection to the grid, the smart metering system is the infant of the method which will allow for effective and efficient control of multiple decentralised energy inputs so a balance can be created between centralised base load generation and suburban grid level inputs. Your RECS grant assists you in the purchase of the inverter, meter and the mains connections. You can use this infrastructure for other technology, providing it meets the appropriate Australian Standards and is installed by a qualified practitioner to Australian Standards. We need these standards and regulations so that we don’t have to live in fear of deadly or catastrophic built environment failures

4. The RECS system is a RENUWABLE ENERGY certificate incentive, it can be applied to other forms of RE generation like wind power or micro hydro. Unfortunately although much more effective in the appropriate environments IF designed and installed by experienced practitioners these systems have limited applications for the most part of the urban landscape. Whereas PV is relatively simple to install on the major part of the urban geography and minimum outputs are pretty well guarenteable. That is why it is out there, because nature tends to encourage workable patterns by replication.

5. Which brings me to an opinion on the whole Gung Ho Hero approach to environmental problems.

Incremental improvement and gradual change is the only sane way to achieve solutions to very large problems. This is obvious to any observer of human history or the natural world.

This is the way natural systems evolve and if you believe in an interventionist God it is the peaceful face of divinity.
Change that is forced and fast is also violent. The faster the enforced change the more violent, destructive and wasteful it will be.

This violence may be manifest in catastrophic economic chaos in human conflict or just the flare of a match.

We are all part of a system which has some basic inviolate behavioural guides it must run on to exist. The faster the rate of incremental changes the quicker you can achieve a desired monumental outcome. The way to slow the rate of incremental change toward a desired outcome (environmentally responsible existence) is quiet simple, you can do it by obstinate ignorant short sighted personal agenda motivated obstructionism, infact you are. But why? In my opinion it’s because you are ill informed and possibly prejudiced by that ignorance. Not your fault so I will not take it personally, although it is quiet frustrating to be subject to it.

The new economic methodology, one which is gaining acceptance amongst the powerful, even the more conservative interests in control of our worlds is one that was originally taken up by the Greens camp.
Triple Bottom Line accounting. (May it become mandated for school curriculums). Instead of the single fiscal bottom line we are forced to place a value on the human element and the environment as well as the financial considerations and then evolve value based strategy, asses risk and prove viability. This should be common sense if you are attempting to calculate outcomes over the lifecycle of any project. That it has not been so is evident in our current situation.
If for example we where to halt coal mining and energy production from fossil fuels overnight we would violate two of the bottom line motivators and in doing so create conditions which would negatively impact on the third. It’s a tripod, simple.

6. Lastly, I love the idea of everybody riding or walking to an electric tram/train or bus stop. Unfortunately although we can design for this kind of future we cannot escape the present nor deny the infrastructure that is already here. To do so would be wasteful and counterproductive. To have electric transport we need electricity to create clean electricity we need Renewable Energy. (Nuclear Energy is not a viable option a simple triple bottom line analysis proves this, but I won’t go into it here).

What if we where to strategise thus for the desired outcome:
i).Encourage the dissemination of decentralised grid connect RE generators in the built environment.

ii). Discourage the use of large personal fossil fuelled vehicles (i.e. four wheel drives) in the urban environment by creating an environmental impact 2 or 3 tiered registration policy,
*cheaper ‘weekend use only’ larger vehicle rego. Which can be policed and non compliance penalised for.
*More expensive Rego. For daily large vehicle use if not shown to be utilized for necessary business purposes. Which are already subject to a higher levy. (make the frivolous use permit more expensive again)
*much cheaper rego and parking, tolls and taxes for small personal all electric or highly efficient personal commuters, but only if they are shown to be part of a balanced RE grid connect package.

iii).Encourage large to medium sized RE grid connect generation plants and small all electric commuter plug in points at public transport hubs. You do this by making it economically viable for investors to be involved. The new RECs scheme if appropriately designed would do this.

Once it has been shown to people that you can still have complete freedom of transportation and be environmentally responsible and make wads of big biz wealth from it all they will be much more amenable to increased public transport infrastructure projects.

by shytskutz on Saturday 14th March 2009 at 5:25pm

You should take a look at

You should take a look at this. These guys seem to have found an answer.
Introduction to the Y3000 Plan

by rayq on Sunday 15th March 2009 at 4:28pm

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